Harshen Hausa na daga cikin harsunan da suka ci gaba ta \u0253angaren \u0199a\u2019idojin rubutu. Don haka harshe ne da ya ke da wasu tsayayyun \u0199a\u2019idoji wa\u0257anda ake amfani da su bisa \u0199a\u2019idojin rubutun daidaitacciyar Hausa. Don haka, wannan rubutu zai yi bayanin muhimmancin da \u0199a\u2019idojin rubutu ke da shi wajen fahimtar harshe Hausa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Wani masani mai suna Xavier Pevret kamar yadda ya bayyana cewa, \u201cRubutu wata dabara ce ta yin wasu \u2018yan alamomi da za su wakilci magana.\u201d Amma a fassarar \u0198amusun Webster (1996) an bayyana cewa, \u201cRubutu shi ne alamta kalmomi ko wasu abubuwa da za su iya zama matsayin kalmomin, ko kuma wasu ra\u2019ayoyi, ko fahimta da aka yi a wasu abubuwa, a kan ko takarda, ko itace, ko dutse, tare da amfani da fensiri ko wani burushi ko ta wasu dabaru daban kamar tambari ko \u0257ab\u2019i ko huje-huje da zane-zane.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Masana sun nuna cewa rubutun Hausa ya samo asali daga \u0253ullowar Musulunci \u0199asar Hausa, wanda ya haifar da rubutun ajami. A ganin wa\u0257annan masana rubutun ajami ne na farko da aka fara rubuta Hausa da shi, da Bature ya bayyana \u0199asar Hausa aka haifi rubutun boko. Don haka, wa\u0257annan su ne hanyoyi biyu fitattu da ake ta kai kawo da su wajen laluben asalin rubutun Bahaushe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0198a\u2019idojin rubutun Hausa na nufin wasu dokoki da aka samar domin samun ingantacciyar hanya ta rubuta Hausa, wadda ba za ta ba da wahala wajen karanta rubutu da gane manufa ba. An da\u0257e ana rubuta Hausa da ba\u0199a\u0199en boko ta hanyoyi daba-daban kafin a cim ma yarjejeniya wajen tabbatar da \u0199a\u2019idojin da ake bi a yanzu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In aka yi nazarin rubuce-rubucen Hausa da aka yi a lokuta daban-daban a kan sami bambance-banbance kimanin iri uku kamar haka:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1. Hanyoyin sarrafa wasu muryoyi na Hausa a cikin abajadin boko, wato samar da wasu haruffa wa\u0257anda za su wakilci muryoyin Hausa irin wa\u0257anda babu su a harshen Ingilishi, misali muryar \u0253, \u0257, \u0199, ts, \u2018y.<\/i><\/strong> Wa\u0257annan duk babu su a harshen Ingilishi, don haka an samar da su ne sakamakon samar da \u0199a\u2019idojin rubutun Hausa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. Yadda ake ha\u0257a wasu kalmomi na Hausa da yadda ake raba wasu a rubuce-rubuce, an sami gyara ta fuskar rubutu bayan an samar da \u0199a\u2019idojin rubutun Hausa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. Gauraya wasu ke\u0253a\u0253\u0253un kalmomi na karin Hausar wurare daban-daban a cikin rubutu. Misali ha\u0257a karin harshen Sakwatanci da karin harshen Kananci a rubutu \u0257aya. Wannan yana haifar da rashin fahimta ga masu amfani da rubutun musamman wa\u0257anda ba karin harshen su ba ne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0198a\u2019idojin rubutun Hausa suna da yawa kuma suna da muhimmanci a rubutu. Wasu daga cikin \u0199a\u2019idojin sun ha\u0257a da; yanayin rubuta ba\u0199a\u0199e da wasula, da ginin kalmomi, da yadda ake raba ko ha\u0257a kalmomin rubutu, da sauran makamantansu. Wa\u0257annan abubawa su ne ginshin\u0199ai a rubutu, don haka kula da su zai samar da inganci a rubutu. Yayin da rashin kula da su zai haifar da cikas a rubutu, saboda haka, yana da muhimmanci a yi amfani da su a rubuta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ka\u0257an daga cikin muhimmancin amfani da wa\u0257annan \u0199a\u2019idoji a rubutu sun ha\u0257a da:<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1. Fito da ma\u2019anar kalma ko jimla:<\/strong>– \u0198o\u0199ari da masana Hausa suka yi na daidaita \u0199a\u2019idojin rubutun Hausa ya \u0199ara fito da ma\u2019anar kalmomi, musamman kalmomin da ke da sigar rubutu iri \u0257aya, kafin daidaita \u0199a\u2019idojin rubutun Hausa ana yin rubutu ne barkatai, amma samuwar \u0199a\u2019idoji rubutu ya kawar da wannan matsala, don haka yin amfani da \u0199a\u2019idojin rubutu yana fito da ma\u2019anar da ake son amfani da ita, kamar yadda rashin amfani da \u0199a\u2019idar rubutu kan rikita ma\u2019ana duba da wa\u0257annan misalai: Kalmar farko da ta biyu iri \u0257aya ne bambancin da aka samu kawai shi ne amfani da al\u2019hamza a kalmar farko, kuma shi ne ya banbanta ma\u2019anonin kalmomin. Kalmar farko na nufin sunan mace, amma kalma ta biyu na nufin \u0199arin bayani a wata magana. Misali a jimla:<\/p>\n\n\n\n a) A\u2019i ta tafi (an ambaci sunan wacce ta tafi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n b) Ai ta tafi (ba a ambaci sunan wadda ta tafi ba)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Don haka, za a ga cewa amfani da \u0199a\u2019idar rubutu ta alamar rubutu ta fito da ma\u2019anar kalmar da ake son isarwa, da mai rubutu zai rubuta jimla ta biyu da nufin ya isar da sa\u0199o da ke \u0199unshe a jimla ta \u0257aya, da mai karatu ya sami matsalar fahimtar sa\u0199on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n c) Rabi A wa\u0257annan kalmomi an fara kalmar farko da babban ba\u0199i wanda zai sa mai karatu ya fahimci cewa suna ne, domin \u0199a\u2019idar haka ta tanada. Amma kalma ta biyu an fara da \u0199aramin ba\u0199i, wanda hakan ya nuna ba suna ba ne, ana nufin wani kaso na \u0257aya bisa biyu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Amma idan mai rubutu ya yi amfni da kalmar farko a inda ya kamata ya yi amfani da kalma ta biyu, hakan zai ba mai karatu matsala wajen fahimtar sa\u0199on. Ga misali a jumloli:<\/p>\n\n\n\n a) an ba ni Rabi (suna) Wa\u0257annan kalmomi sun bambanta ne ta yin amfani da babban ba\u0199i domin dokar ta ce a fara rubuta suna da babban ba\u0199i a duk inda ya zo a jumla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 2. \u0198a\u2019idojin raba kalmomi da ha\u0257e su abu ne sananne a Hausa:-<\/strong> Amfani da wa\u0257annan \u0199a\u2019idojin na fito da ma\u2019anar kalmomi, haka kuma \u0199in amfni da su na haifar da rashin fahinmtar ma\u2019ana ga masu karatu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ga misalin kalmomin wa\u0257anda duk rubutunsu daidai ne, sai dai mai rubutu ya san inda zai amfani da wadda aka raba da inda zai amfani da wadda aka ha\u0257a domin ma\u2019anoninsa daban ne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n A ha\u0257e A rabe<\/i><\/strong> Wa\u0257annan kalmomin suna kama da juna, amma wasu na yin kuskure wajen rubutu su a ha\u0257e a inda ya kamata a rubuta su a rabe. Ga misali a jumla:<\/p>\n\n\n\n – taga aka bu\u0257e (a ha\u0257e)<\/p>\n\n\n\n – ta ga an bu\u0257e (a rabe)<\/p>\n\n\n\n – itace ta kwaso (a ha\u0257e)<\/p>\n\n\n\n – ita ce ta kwaso (a rabe)<\/p>\n\n\n\n – kusato ta (a ha\u0257e)<\/p>\n\n\n\n – ku sato ta (a rabe)<\/p>\n\n\n\n A nan mun ga amfanin raba kalmomi ko ha\u0257a kalmomi da yadda yake fito da ma\u2019anar kalmomi don haka suna da muhimmanci wajen fahimtar rubutu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 3. Amfani da \u0198ugiya:- <\/strong>Amfani da \u0199ugiya, wata \u0199a\u2019ida ce a rubutun Hausa, kuma amfani da wannan \u0199a\u2019idar na fito da ma\u2019anar kalma haka kuma rashi amfani da ita na haifar da matsala ga rubutu. Akwai ba\u0199a\u0199en da ake amfani da \u0199ugiya domin samar da sautukan Hausa na musamman, wa\u0257anda babu su a tsarin abacada (abcd).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ga misalan kalmomi masu ga\u0253o\u0253i iri \u0257aya da tsarin rubutu \u0257aya amma ma\u2019ana ta banbanta sakamakon amfani da \u0199ungiya a wani ba\u0199i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Da \u0199ugiya Ba \u0199ugiya<\/i><\/strong> Idan aka yi amfani da ba\u0199i mara \u0199ugiya a inda ya kamata a yi amfani da mai \u0199ugiya ko mai 1. Fada ya tafi (gidan sarki) Wannan ya nuna irin muhimmancin amfani da \u0199ugiya a kalmomin da inda ya kamata da kuma inda bai kamata ba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 4. Kafa harshen \u0198asa:-<\/strong> Samar da \u0199a\u2019idojin rubutun Hausa da yin amfani da su ya bun\u0199asa harshen Hausa, har ya kai Hausa ta zama harshen \u0199asa. Dalili kuwa shi ne, babu harshen da za a \u0257auka a matsayin harshen \u0199asa har sai yana da daidaitattun \u0199a\u2019idojin rubutu da masu harshen suka tanada aka kuma amince da su. Saboda rashin tsayayyar \u0199a\u2019ida zai haifar da mabambantan rubuce-rubuce a wurare daban-daban. Domin harshen Hausa na da \u0199a\u2019idojin rubutu tsararru wa\u0257anda ake amfani da su a ko\u2019ina tun daga makarantun firamare har zuwa jami\u2019o\u2019i. Kuma wannan \u0199a\u2019ida ita ce ake amfani da ita a gida da \u0199asashen waje inda suke koyo ko koyar da Hausa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Saboda haka, za a ce \u0199a\u2019idojin rubutun da Hausa ke da su, ya sa aka amince a yi anfani da harshen a matsayin \u0257aya daga cikin harsunan \u0199asa, kuma ake amfanin da shi a fannin koyo da koyarwa a matakai daban-daban. Don haka, yana da muhimmanci a kula da \u0199a\u2019idojin rubutun Hausa a wajen rubutu tare da \u0199ara \u0199o\u0199arin inganta su inda ya kamata a yi hakan.<\/p>\n\n\n\nMuhimmancin \u0198a’idojin rubutu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
– A\u2019i
– Ai<\/p>\n\n\n\n
d) rabi<\/p>\n\n\n\n
b) an ba ni rabi (kaso\/kashi)
c) Rabin gidan Musa (suna)
d) rabin gidan Musa (kaso\/kashi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
itace ita ce
taga ta ga
yau ya\u2019u
kusato ku sato
d.s<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0198arya karya
Fa\u0257a fada
\u0181ari bar
\u0198ara \u0199ara
Yaya \u2018ya\u2019ya<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0199ugiya inda ya kamata a yi amfani da mara \u0199ugiya, yin hakan zai haifar da sa\u0253anin ma\u2019ana. Ga misalai:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. Fa\u0257a ya tafi (rigima)
3. Yayana ne (\u0257an\u2019uwa)
4. \u2018Ya\u2019yana ne (yara)
5. Kara ya yi (kauwar da kai)
6. \u0198ara ya yi (ihu)<\/p>\n\n\n\n